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Covered Calls

Sell someone the right to buy your shares at a fixed price โ€” and get paid upfront for it. Whether the stock goes up, sideways, or slightly down, you keep the premium. The cornerstone of income investing.

Risk LevelLow
IncomeHigh
Capital Req.100 Shares
Time FrameDaysโ€“Weeks
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What Is a Covered Call?

A covered call is when you own 100 shares of a stock and sell someone else the right โ€” but not the obligation โ€” to buy those shares from you at a specific price (the strike price) by a specific date (the expiration).

In exchange for giving them that right, they pay you a premium upfront. You keep that premium no matter what happens.

"Covered" simply means you already own the shares. You're not selling a naked call โ€” the shares backing the position cover your obligation if the buyer decides to exercise.

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The core idea: You're renting out your shares. Just like a landlord collects rent while still owning the property, you collect premium while still owning the stock.
Key Terms
Strike Price
The price at which the buyer can purchase your shares. You choose this when you sell the call.
Expiration
The date the contract expires. Weekly, monthly, or quarterly options available.
Premium
The cash you receive upfront for selling the call. Yours to keep regardless of outcome.
Assignment
If the stock closes above your strike at expiration, your shares get "called away" โ€” sold at the strike price.
Delta
Probability the option expires in-the-money. Selling 0.30 delta = ~30% chance of assignment.

A Real Example

1
You own 100 shares of AAPL at $185/share. Total position value: $18,500.
2
You sell 1 covered call with a $195 strike expiring in 30 days. You collect $3.40/share = $340 premium deposited into your account immediately.
3
Wait for expiration. Three outcomes:
โœ“ Stock stays below $195
Option expires worthless. You keep your shares AND the $340 premium. Sell another call next month.
+$340 income
โ†’ Stock closes at exactly $195
Option expires at the money. Usually expires worthless or you buy it back for pennies. You keep the premium.
+$340 income
โฌ† Stock closes above $195
Shares get called away at $195. You made $10/share in stock gain ($185โ†’$195) PLUS the $340 premium.
+$1,340 total

The P&L Profile

This is what your profit or loss looks like at expiration depending on where the stock ends up.

$0 +$340 Loss $155 $181.60 $195 $220 MAX PROFIT Capped at premium + (strike - cost) Loss below breakeven Stock called away above strike Breakeven Strike
Profit zone
Loss zone
Strike price โ€” shares called away above this
Capped profit (stock owned limits downside, premium caps upside)

When to Use It

Covered calls work best in these situations:

  • You own a stock and expect it to stay flat or rise slowly
  • You want to generate monthly income from your existing portfolio
  • You're okay selling the stock if it gets called away at your strike
  • You want to reduce your cost basis over time
  • The stock has high implied volatility (more premium available)
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Watch out: If the stock rips above your strike, you miss out on those gains. That's the trade-off โ€” consistent income in exchange for capped upside.

What to Target

0.25โ€“0.35
Delta at entry
Low probability of assignment while still collecting meaningful premium.
30โ€“45
Days to expiration (DTE)
Where theta decay is fastest. Sweet spot for premium sellers.
1โ€“3%
Monthly return on shares
Target 12โ€“36% annualized yield on the position.
50%
Profit target to close early
Buy back at 50% of premium collected to free up capital and reduce risk.

Pros & Cons

โœ“ Pros
  • Consistent monthly income regardless of market direction
  • Reduces cost basis of your shares over time
  • Premium is yours to keep no matter what
  • Lower risk than just holding stock (premium provides downside cushion)
  • Simple to execute โ€” one leg, one trade
  • Works in any brokerage account that allows options
โœ— Cons
  • Caps upside โ€” if stock surges, you miss gains above the strike
  • Still exposed to full downside if the stock drops significantly
  • Requires owning 100 shares (~$10Kโ€“$25K per position typically)
  • Tax implications if shares get called away
  • Not ideal on stocks you never want to sell

Ready to Start Collecting Premium?

Track every covered call you sell with the free PII Trading Journal โ€” built specifically for income options traders.

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